Nuclear weapons remain one of the world’s biggest security concerns. Although the total number of nuclear warheads has fallen significantly since the Cold War, thousands are still in military stockpiles today.
According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and the Federation of American Scientists (FAS), more than 12,000 nuclear warheads exist worldwide in 2026. Most of them are owned by just two countries – Russia and the United States.
Here are the nine countries believed to have the largest nuclear arsenals in 2026.
1. Russia – About 5,450 nuclear warheads
Russia has the world’s largest nuclear arsenal. Its weapons can be launched from land-based missiles, submarines and strategic bombers. The country continues to modernise its nuclear forces despite international efforts to reduce global stockpiles.
2. United States – About 5,277 nuclear warheads
The United States has the second-largest nuclear arsenal. Like Russia, it maintains a nuclear triad consisting of missiles, submarines and bomber aircraft. Many of its older warheads are also being upgraded.
3. China – About 600 nuclear warheads
China has expanded its nuclear programme at a much faster pace in recent years. Experts believe it now has around 600 warheads, making it the fastest-growing nuclear power.
4. France – About 290 nuclear warheads
France remains Europe’s leading nuclear power. Most of its weapons are carried by nuclear submarines, while the rest are deployed on aircraft.
5. United Kingdom – About 225 nuclear warheads
The United Kingdom relies mainly on its fleet of nuclear-powered submarines for its nuclear deterrent. The government has also announced plans to maintain and modernise its arsenal.
6. Pakistan – About 170 nuclear warheads
Pakistan continues to expand its nuclear capabilities. Its nuclear programme is largely driven by regional security concerns.
7. India – About 180 nuclear warheads
India has steadily increased its nuclear stockpile over the past few years while investing in more advanced missile systems and delivery platforms.
8. Israel – About 90 nuclear warheads
Israel has never officially confirmed that it possesses nuclear weapons. However, international experts widely believe the country maintains an undeclared nuclear arsenal.
9. North Korea – About 50 nuclear warheads
North Korea has continued developing its nuclear weapons and missile programmes despite international sanctions. Analysts estimate the country has enough material for around 50 warheads, although the exact number remains uncertain.
Although only nine countries are known or believed to possess nuclear weapons, Russia and the United States together control nearly 90% of the world’s total nuclear stockpile. Experts continue to warn that rising global tensions and continued nuclear modernisation highlight the importance of arms control and diplomatic efforts to reduce the risk of nuclear conflict.